Printed Material
Books
Books with single author
References from a
printed book should be made up of the following elements:
- Author's Surname, Initial(s)
- Year of publication (in brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Edition if not the first
- Place of publication
- Publisher
Examples:
Kelly, M. (1997). Imaging desire. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
If the book is edited rather than written by the person whose name is on the title page put (ed.) in brackets after their name e.g.
Thompson, J. (ed.) (1996). Towards a theory of the image. Maastrict: Jan van Eyck Akademie.
Books with multiple authors
List all authors
up to three, the same elements are required as for single
author.
Examples:
Parker, R. and Pollock, G. (1987). Framing feminism: art and the Women's Movement 1970-85. London: Pandora.
Brown, J., Brignone, S. and Ward, A. (2001). The modern garden. London: Thames & Hudson.
Where four or more authors are responsible for a publication use the first author's name followed by et al.
Example:
Kotler, P. et al. (2002). Principles of marketing. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Essay or contribution within a
book
References should consist of the following
elements:
- Contributing author's Surname, Initial(s)
- Year of publication (in brackets)
- Title of contribution.
Followed by In
- Editors Suname, Initial(s) (ed.) or (eds.)
- Title of book (in italics)
- Place of publication
- Publisher
- Page number(s) of contribution
Example:
Ehrenreich, B., Hess, E. and Jacobs, G (1997). Beatlemania: a sexually defiant consumer culture? In: Gelder, K. and Thornton, S. (eds.) The subcultures reader. London: Routledge. pp. 523-536.
Journals
References should consist of the
following elements:
- Author's Surname(s), Initial(s)
- Year off publication (in brackets)
- Title of article
- Title of journal (in italics)
- Volume number (part number) or Month
- Page number(s)
Examples:
Lowry, J. (2003). Slowing down: stillness, time and the digital image. Portfolio: the catalogue of contemporary photography in Britain. No. 37. pp. 51-53.
Craik, J. (2003). The cultural politics of the uniform. Fashion theory: the journal of dress, body and culture. Vol. 7 No. 2. pp. 127-147.
Vanderbilt, T. (2003). The new mobility. I.D.: The international design magazine. May. pp. 34-41.
Newspaper articles (printed)
References
should consist of the following elements:
- Author's Surname, Intial(s)
- Year of publication (in brackets)
- Title of article
- Newspaper title (in italics)
- Date and month
- Page number(s)
Example:
Younge, G. (2003). Civil rights kitchen serves last supper. The Guardian. 4 August. p. 12.
Book by an organisation
References should
consist of the following elements:
- Organisation's name
- Year of publication (in brackets)
- Title (in italics)
- Edition if not the first
- Place of publication
- Publisher
Example:
Association of Illustrators. (2000). Images 24: the best of British illustration. Crans-Pres-Celigny: Rotovision.
Thesis or dissertation
References should
consist of the following elements:
- Author's Surname, Initial(s)
- Year of publication
- Title (in italics)
- Designation (award)
- Institution to which submitted
Example:
Favilla, A.L. (2004). Images of the virtual: rethinking photography in the age of biotechnologies. Thesis (PhD). University of London.
Printed illustrations, photographs, diagrams
etc.
Is the diagram, photograph or illustration the
author's own work or not a substantial work in it's own
right?
If the answer is yes you should cite the author of the book or article as the author.
Examples of how it would appear in your text:
In their spider diagram Blaxter, Hughes and Tight (1996, p.34, Box 12 ) demonstrate how research interests and relationships can be graphically represented.
or
The photograph of a Nottingham shop window (Gregson and Crewe,
2003, p.69, Pl. 3.9) illustrates the way in which retro retailers
………..
In the bibliography at the end of your piece of work list the sources in which the illustrations were published e.g. the above examples were in books and will therefore appear as:
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (1996). How to research. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Gregson, G. and Crewe , L. (2003). Second-hand cultures. Oxford: Berg.
- Is the illustration a work in it's own right e.g. a reproduction of a painting, that you are referring to regardless of the text around it?
If yes, you should cite it in it's own right. The name of the work, the artist/s, and year of the work's creation should appear in the body of your text. The entry in your bibliography should state the medium of the original and where it is held.
An example of how this would look in the text of your work:
Burne-Jones's classical style can be witnessed in The Golden Stairs (Burne-Jones, 1880) his depiction of …….
The entry in your bibliography should follow this pattern:
Burne-Jones, E. (1880). The golden stairs. Oil on canvas. London: Tate Gallery. In: Wood, C. (1981). The Pre-Raphaelites. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p.121.
Copyright restrictions
Copyright law
strictly controls the reproduction of illustrations, photographs,
diagrams etc. in your own work, as opposed to just citing them as
references. Permission may need to be sought from the party that
owns the copyright for the image.
